Fundamental theorem of arithmetic - What this means is that, any composite number could be written as a product of some prime numbers 

Horner's Algorithm
Horner's Algorithm is used to convert a number from a given base system to base 10 System.
The Steps involved in this conversion process are as follows...

Why Horner's Algorithm Works?
Because, it still does what a conventional base n to base 10 conversion process does. But, by avoiding explicit calculations involving raising a base to its power..